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What Is Producer Surplus?
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Producer surplus refers to a producer’s gain from exchange. That is, the difference between the market price and the minimum price at which a producer is willing to sell something.
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What is SURPLUS VALUE? What does SURPLUS VALUE mean? SURPLUS VALUE meaning \u0026 explanation
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What is SURPLUS VALUE? What does SURPLUS VALUE mean? SURPLUS VALUE meaning SURPLUS VALUE definition SURPLUS VALUE explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/3.0/ license.
Surplus value is a central concept in Karl Marx’s critique of political economy. Marx did not himself invent the term: he developed the concept. \”Surplus value\” is a translation of the German word \”Mehrwert\”, which simply means value added (sales revenue less the cost of materials used up). Conventionally, valueadded is equal to the sum of gross wage income and gross profit income. However, Marx’s use of this concept is different, because for Marx, the Mehrwert refers to the yield, profit or return on production capital invested, i.e. the amount of the increase in the value of capital. Hence, Marx’s use of Mehrwert has always been translated as \”surplus value\”, distinguishing it from \”valueadded\”. According to Marx’s theory, surplus value is equal to the new value created by workers in excess of their own laborcost, which is appropriated by the capitalist as profit when products are sold.
Marx thought that the gigantic increase in wealth and population from the 19th century onwards was mainly due to the competitive striving to obtain maximum surplusvalue from the employment of labor, resulting in an equally gigantic increase of productivity and capital resources. To the extent that increasingly the economic surplus is convertible into money and expressed in money, the amassment of wealth is possible on a larger and larger scale (see capital accumulation and surplus product).
The problem of explaining the source of surplus value is expressed by Friedrich Engels as follows:
\”Whence comes this surplusvalue? It cannot come either from the buyer buying the commodities under their value, or from the seller selling them above their value. For in both cases the gains and the losses of each individual cancel each other, as each individual is in turn buyer and seller. Nor can it come from cheating, for though cheating can enrich one person at the expense of another, it cannot increase the total sum possessed by both, and therefore cannot augment the sum of the values in circulation. (…) This problem must be solved, and it must be solved in a purely economic way, excluding all cheating and the intervention of any force — the problem being: how is it possible constantly to sell dearer than one has bought, even on the hypothesis that equal values are always exchanged for equal values?\”
Marx’s solution was to distinguish between labortime worked and labor power. A worker who is sufficiently productive can produce an output value greater than what it costs to hire him. Although his wage seems to be based on hours worked, in an economic sense this wage does not reflect the full value of what the worker produces. Effectively it is not labour which the worker sells, but his capacity to work.
Imagine a worker who is hired for an hour and paid $10. Once in the capitalist’s employ, the capitalist can have him operate a bootmaking machine with which the worker produces $10 worth of work every fifteen minutes. Every hour, the capitalist receives $40 worth of work and only pays the worker $10, capturing the remaining $30 as gross revenue. Once the capitalist has deducted fixed and variable operating costs of (say) $20 (leather, depreciation of the machine, etc.), he is left with $10. Thus, for an outlay of capital of $30, the capitalist obtains a surplus value of $10; his capital has not only been replaced by the operation, but also has increased by $10.
The worker cannot capture this benefit directly because he has no claim to the means of production (e.g. the bootmaking machine) or to its products, and his capacity to bargain over wages is restricted by laws and the supply/demand for wage labour. Hence the rise of trade unions which aim to create a more favourable bargaining position through collective action by workers.
Total surplusvalue in an economy (Marx refers to the mass or volume of surplusvalue) is basically equal to the sum of net distributed and undistributed profit, net interest, net rents, net tax on production and various net receipts associated with royalties, licensing, leasing, certain honorariums etc. (see also value product). Of course, the way generic profit income is grossed and netted in social accounting may differ somewhat from the way an individual business does that (see also Operating surplus).
suppose ฝรั่งใช้บ่อยมาก ..แปลว่าอะไรได้บ้างนะ?
suppose ฝรั่งใช้บ่อยมาก ..แปลว่าอะไรได้บ้างนะ?
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China already buys commodities from the US, and it’s hard to see how it can buy enough of them to meaningfully reduce commercial tension between the two countries.
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